Conditions/Gut + microbiome/SIBO
— CONDITION · SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH

SIBO.

Bacteria living in the wrong section of the intestine. Bloating, gas, food reactions — the picture clears once the location is corrected.

01 — WHAT IT IS

Right bugs. Wrong place.

SIBO is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth — bacteria that belong in the large intestine migrating up into the small intestine, where bacterial populations should normally be sparse. These displaced bacteria ferment carbohydrates prematurely, producing excess hydrogen, methane, or hydrogen sulfide gas that inflames the small intestinal lining.

That fermentation gas is the direct cause of the bloating, cramping, and unpredictable bowel changes that define the condition. The hallmark is bloating that gets worse through the day, especially after meals — often within 60 to 90 minutes of eating.

Research published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology found SIBO in up to 78% of patients carrying an IBS diagnosis, which suggests a large share of people labeled with IBS actually have an underlying, treatable bacterial overgrowth. Most SIBO patients have been told they have IBS for years before breath testing reveals the real driver.

Our functional medicine team in Jacksonville and Orange Park uses breath testing to identify the specific SIBO pattern — hydrogen-dominant, methane-dominant, or hydrogen sulfide — then applies a targeted antimicrobial and dietary protocol followed by prokinetic support to restore normal gut motility and prevent relapse.

02 — SYMPTOMS

Does this sound familiar?

Bloating after meals
The stomach distends within an hour of eating and it gets worse as the day goes on.
Excessive gas
Frequent gas, both upper and lower, especially after carbohydrate-heavy meals.
Food reactivity
Foods that never used to bother you now do, and the list of triggers keeps growing.
Loose stools or constipation
Methane-dominant SIBO trends toward constipation; hydrogen-dominant trends toward diarrhea — some patients alternate.
Fatigue + brain fog after eating
Bacterial metabolites cross into circulation, producing low energy and cognitive sluggishness tied to poor nutrient absorption.
Iron or B12 deficiency
Overgrowth interferes with absorption upstream, causing deficiencies in iron, B12, and fat-soluble vitamins despite an adequate diet.
03 — HOW WE TREAT IT

Confirm. Clear. Reseed.

01
Breath testing
A lactulose or glucose breath test measures hydrogen and methane gas to confirm overgrowth and identify the dominant gas pattern — that result determines the entire protocol.
02
Targeted antimicrobials
Evidence-based herbal or pharmaceutical antimicrobials selected for your specific SIBO type — hydrogen-dominant, methane-dominant, or hydrogen sulfide. Generic gut protocols miss most cases.
03
Motility + diet support
SIBO almost always returns without addressing the migrating motor complex, so prokinetic support is essential — paired with a structured low-FODMAP or bi-phasic eating plan to reduce fermentation during clearance.
04
Reseed + repair
A phased restoration plan repairs the intestinal lining, strategically reintroduces diverse foods and probiotics, and rebuilds a healthy microbiome for long-term resilience.
04 — GOOD TO KNOW

Why bacteria overgrow in the first place

Your small intestine has built-in defenses that keep bacterial populations in check — stomach acid, digestive enzymes, and the migrating motor complex, the wave-like contractions that sweep bacteria downstream between meals. SIBO develops when those defenses fail.

The usual mechanical drivers: impaired gut motility (a slow migrating motor complex), structural abnormalities like adhesions or strictures, low stomach acid — frequently from chronic proton pump inhibitor use — post-surgical changes to GI anatomy, and systemic conditions like diabetes or hypothyroidism that affect the gut's nerve function. Immune dysfunction can contribute as well.

Why it's so often mislabeled as IBS

Standard gastroenterology workups rarely include breath testing, so the fermentation gases that define SIBO go unmeasured. Patients get an IBS label — which describes the symptoms without identifying the cause — and cycle through diets and medications that manage rather than resolve the problem.

That matters because SIBO is treatable in a way that a vague IBS diagnosis is not. Identifying the specific gas pattern points to the right antimicrobial and the right dietary strategy, which is the difference between chasing symptoms and actually clearing the overgrowth.

Preventing relapse after treatment

Clearing the overgrowth is only half the job. Because the underlying motility problem is usually what allowed bacteria to accumulate in the first place, SIBO has a real tendency to return if that root cause is ignored.

This is why prokinetic support to restore the migrating motor complex, plus attention to stomach acid and diet, is built into the plan from the start. A gut-healing phase then rebuilds the lining and microbiome so the improvement holds rather than fading within a few months.

What a SIBO evaluation looks like

A SIBO evaluation starts with a validated lactulose or glucose breath test, which measures the hydrogen and methane your gut bacteria produce after you consume a sugar substrate. The gas curve tells us not only whether overgrowth is present but which pattern is driving it — and that distinction shapes the entire protocol.

Alongside testing, we take a detailed history: prior abdominal surgery, PPI use, thyroid function, and the timing of your bloating all help explain why the overgrowth took hold. Comprehensive lab panels round out the picture where nutrient deficiencies or thyroid involvement are suspected.

From diagnosis through resolution, our team guides each phase — confirm the pattern, clear the overgrowth, restore motility, then reseed and repair — so you're never left guessing what the next step is or why it matters.

05 — COMMON QUESTIONS

Questions, answered.

What is SIBO?
SIBO stands for Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth — a condition where bacteria that normally live in the large intestine migrate to and overgrow in the small intestine. This disrupts digestion and nutrient absorption and is a well-documented cause of IBS symptoms.
What causes SIBO?
SIBO is caused by impaired small intestinal motility, structural abnormalities, low stomach acid (often from PPI use), prior abdominal surgery, immune dysfunction, or hypothyroidism. Conditions that slow the migrating motor complex — the wave-like contractions that clear bacteria from the small intestine — are the primary mechanical drivers of SIBO.
What are the symptoms of SIBO?
SIBO symptoms include bloating that worsens after eating, abdominal pain, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or alternating bowel habits. Many patients also experience fatigue, brain fog, and nutritional deficiencies — particularly B12 and fat-soluble vitamins — due to bacterial interference with absorption.
How is SIBO diagnosed?
SIBO is diagnosed with a lactulose or glucose breath test, which measures hydrogen and methane gas produced by bacteria in the small intestine after consuming a sugar substrate. Meridian uses validated breath testing protocols to accurately identify hydrogen-dominant, methane-dominant, and hydrogen sulfide SIBO.
Does SIBO cause bloating?
Yes. Bloating is one of the most consistent symptoms of SIBO. The bacteria in the small intestine ferment carbohydrates before they can be absorbed, producing gas that causes bloating, distension, and discomfort — often within 60 to 90 minutes of eating.
Can SIBO be cured?
SIBO can be successfully treated with antimicrobial protocols — either pharmaceutical (rifaximin, neomycin) or herbal (berberine, allicin, oregano oil) — followed by prokinetic therapy to restore motility and prevent relapse, and gut restoration to re-establish a healthy microbiome. Addressing the root cause (motility, stomach acid, diet) is essential for preventing recurrence. Meridian offers SIBO testing and treatment in Jacksonville, FL.
— IF YOU'RE READY

Test, don't guess.

A 30-minute consult to determine if SIBO testing is appropriate and the steps to confirm or rule it out.

Book a SIBO consult